2013년 11월 24일 일요일

About 'best design schools'|Fashion Design Schools: Choosing the BEST among the Rest







About 'best design schools'|Fashion Design Schools: Choosing the BEST among the Rest








"There               is               grandeur               in               this               view               of               life,               with               its               several               powers,               having               been               originally               breathed               into               a               few               forms               or               into               one;               and               that,               whilst               this               planet               has               gone               cycling               on               according               to               the               fixed               law               of               gravity,               from               so               simple               a               beginning               endless               forms               most               beautiful               and               most               wonderful               have               been,               and               are               being,               evolved."
Charles               Darwin,               On               the               Origin               of               Species               The               evolution/creation               teaching               controversy               is               concerned               with               what,               if               anything,               should               be               taught               at               the               public               school               level               about               creationism               and               evolution.

This               controversy               was               set               in               motion               by               Darwin's               publication               of               "On               The               Origin               of               Species"               in               1859,               which               proposed               that               all               species               alive               today               had               evolved               (and               continue               to               evolve)               from               simpler,               less-adapted               organisms.

Darwin's               more               intrepid               "The               Descent               of               Man",               published               in               1871,               directly               proposed               that               humans               had               evolved               from               primates.

In               these               two               books,               Darwin               did               just               what               Copernicus,               several               centuries               earlier,               had               done               with               the               Earth-centered               view               of               our               universe.

In               essence,               he               overturned               a               completely               accepted               world               view,               that               being               the               idea               that               all               life               had               been               created               by               a               divine               being               (creationism),               and               replaced               it               with               a               scientific               postulate,               that               all               life               had               evolved               from               simple,               more               crude,               and               less               adept               organisms               (evolution               by               natural               selection,               or               naturalism).
               Charles               Darwin               correctly               predicted               that               his               contemporaries               would               have               trouble               accepting               his               theory               on               the               mutability               of               species               when               he               wrote,               "I               by               no               means               expect               to               convince               experienced               naturalists....Any               one               whose               disposition               leads               him               to               attach               more               weight               to               unexplained               difficulties               than               to               the               explanation               of               a               certain               number               of               facts               will               certainly               reject               my               theory."               Not               only               was               Darwin               correct               about               his               contemporaries               rejecting               his               theory               of               evolution,               but               even               today,               some               150               years               later,               scientists,               fundamentalists,               politicians               and               Supreme               Court               judges               are               still               bickering               about               the               validity               of               evolution               versus               special               creation,               and               whether               either               view               should               be               taught               in               school.
               Perhaps               the               most               famous               example               of               the               creation/evolution               controversy               emerged               during               the               1925               Scopes               trial.

The               "Monkey               Trial",               as               the               Scopes               trial               came               to               be               called,               was               instigated               by               the               American               Civil               Liberties               Union               to               challenge               a               controversial               Tennessee               law               banning               the               teaching               of               evolution               in               public               high               schools.

John               Scopes,               at               the               request               of               the               ACLU,               agreed               to               challenge               the               statute               by               purposely               teaching               evolution               in               his               classroom,               resulting               in               prosecution.

Scopes               was               eventually               found               guilty,               but               the               judge               imposed               a               minimum               fine               and               the               Tennessee               Supreme               Court               managed               to               overturn               the               conviction               without               invalidating               the               law.
               Back               then,               creationists               contended               with               the               evolutionists               on               the               basis               of               moral               and               religious               grounds,               as               evidenced               in               the               arguments               posed               against               Scopes               during               his               trial.

The               creationists               of               today               aren't               so               extreme               in               their               views...so,               what               exactly               are               their               beliefs?
               The               creationist               camp,               composed               of               fundamentalists,               Catholics,               average               Americans,               and               surprisingly,               even               scientists               such               as               the               biologist               Michael               Behe               (who,               incidentally,               is               Catholic),               believes               that               living               organisms               are               too               complex               to               have               evolved               simply               via               chance               mutation               coupled               with               natural               selection.

The               group               also               points               to               gaping               "holes"               in               the               fossil               record,               such               as               the               sudden               expansion               of               novel               species               during               the               Cambrian               period,               which               would               argue               against               the               accepted               evolutionary               idea               of               gradual               species               modification               over               long               periods               of               time.

As               Darwin               himself               predicted,               these               are               the               individuals               who               "attach               more               weight               to               unexplained               difficulties               than               to               the               explanation               of               a               certain               number               of               facts."
               Recently,               certain               members               of               the               creationist               camp               have               taken               an               interesting               turn:               creationism,               the               once               prevalent               belief               in               the               literal               interpretation               of               Genesis,               complete               with               six               days               of               creation,               a               factual               Garden               of               Eden               and               even               a               cataclysmic               flood,               has               itself               evolved               to               become               "Intelligent               Design".

Intelligent               Design,               or               I.D.,               is               the               proposal               that               some               features               of               living               things               (and               even               living               things               themselves)               are               best               explained               as               the               work               of               a               designer               rather               than               the               result               of               random               processes               such               as               mutation               and               natural               selection.

In               this               respect,               Genesis               need               not               be               interpreted               literally;               however,               life               as               we               know               it               is               the               result               of               some               divine               Primordial               Mover.

Evolution               is               just               the               means,               however               imperfect,               by               which               this               Primordial               Mover               makes               all               creation               possible.

And               when               we               say               imperfect,               we               understand               that               evolution               is               merely               a               theory,               not               concrete               fact,               attempting               to               explain               how               the               Primordial               Mover               may               have               chosen               to               create               life.

Thus,               evolution               may               not               have               happened               at               all.
               Is               I.D.

such               a               big               threat               to               evolutionary               theory?

A               large               percentage               of               average               Americans               believe               in               some               kind               of               divine               creation               anyway.

Similarly,               a               good               majority               of               these               average               Americans               would               be               hard-pressed               to               say               that               humans               are               descended               directly               from               non-human               ancestors.

Quite               frankly,               what's               wrong               with               assuming,               and               teaching,               that               evolution               may               not               have               been               the               sole               impetus               for               life               as               we               know               it?
               The               problem               begins               with               what               is               on               the               I.D.

camp's               larger               agenda:               to               have               statements,               such               as               this,               read               before               all               public               high               school               classrooms               about               to               undertake               the               study               of               evolutionary               biology:               "Darwin's               theory               of               evolution               is               theory,               not               fact.

Gaps               in               the               theory               exist               for               which               there               is               no               evidence...

As               is               true               with               any               theory,               students               are               encouraged               to               keep               an               open               mind...Intelligent               Design               is               an               explanation               of               the               origin               of               life               that               differs               from               Darwin's               view               [paraphrased]."               And               likewise,               as               Pennsylvania               Senator               Rick               Santorum               stated,               "We               should               be               teaching...problems               and               holes               in               the               theory               of               evolution."
               While               it               is               a               good               idea               to               keep               an               open               mind               about               all               theories,               when               it               comes               to               the               teaching               of               science               to               tomorrow's               botanists,               geneticists,               anthropologists,               etc.,               I.D.

just               won't               do.

Darwin's               theory               of               evolution               is               more               than               just               a               theory:               it               is               backed               up               by               decades               of               experimental               evidence               (for               example,               antibiotic               resistance               is               a               direct               result               of               bacterial               evolution               occurring               via               natural,               albeit               antibiotic,               selection).

Scientific               theories               start               out               as               hypotheses,               which               need               to               be               experimentally               proven,               again               and               again,               and               sufficient               evidence               accumulated               before               any               hypothesis               becomes               generally               accepted               theory.

Such               is               the               case               with               the               initial               hypothesis,               and               now               theory,               of               Darwinian               evolution.
               I.D.,               on               the               other               hand,               is               a               belief               in               the               divine               creation               of               life.

This               is               not               a               hypothesis               that               can               be               tested               experimentally;               therefore,               it               can               never               become               a               scientific               theory               on               the               same               standing               as               evolution.

One               might               choose               to               teach               I.D.

in               a               sociology,               religion               or               history               class,               but               not               in               a               science               class.

Science               deals               with               facts,               not               conjectures               or               beliefs.

In               science,               only               the               hypothesis               that               can               be               disproven               is               a               valid               hypothesis.

And               one               certainly               cannot               disprove               (or               even               prove)               the               existence               of               God.
               Unfortunately,               the               newly-evolved               I.D.

camp               is               doing               more               than               wishful               thinking               when               it               comes               to               pushing               their               creationist               agenda               forward.

Arguing               that               teaching               I.D.

constitutes               free               speech,               and               furthermore               that               I.D.

is,               in               itself,               sound               scientific               theory,               the               creationists               have               been               able               to               grab               a               foothold               in               state               and               local               school               boards,               especially               school               boards               of               more               conservative               states               like               Kansas,               Texas               and               Florida.

Currently,               four               states-               Florida,               Kentucky,               Mississippi               and               Oklahoma-               make               no               mention               whatsoever               of               evolution               in               their               curriculum               standards.

Thus,               teachers               are               free               to               impose               their               views               on               whether               their               students               will               learn               evolution-               or               not.
               This               is               a               far               cry               from               the               "critical               inquiry"               into               alternate               origin               theories               initially               proposed               by               the               I.D.

side.

One               wonders               what               sort               of               intellectual               debate               can               there               be,               when               in               some               states               evolutionary               theory               is               thrown               out               altogether?
               Another               big               push               for               I.D.

in               public               high               schools               has               resulted               from               the               founding               of               the               Seattle-based               Discovery               Institute,               an               agency               providing               grants               to               scientists               for               the               purpose               of               publishing               I.D.-based               books               and               other               treatises.

The               Institute               and               its               scientist               members               have               also               made               themselves               known               in               debates               over               evolution               at               school               board               meetings               and               state               legislatures.

State-level               debates               are               extremely               crucial               to               the               Discovery               Institute,               since               that               is               where               statewide               curriculum               standards               are               formed.

And,               whereas               in               the               past,               blatant               creationism               teaching               was               struck               down               by               the               U.S.

Supreme               Court               as               a               violation               of               church               and               state,               I.D.

seeks               to               pass               itself               off               as               a               scientific               theory,               a               theory               whose               entire               premise               is               to               "poke               holes"               at               and               discredit               current               evolutionary               theory.
               So               what               can               conscientious               evolutionary               biologists,               and               other               individuals               who               do               not               subscribe               to               the               creationist               camp,               do?

Thus               far,               the               scientific               world               has               been               reluctant               (and               possibly               apathetic)               about               I.D.,               based               on               I.D.'s               lack               of               scientific               merit.

To               actively               engage               in               public               debate               about               a               belief               in               special               creation,               as               opposed               to               the               hard               evidence               of               evolution,               validates               I.D.

as               an               alternate               scientific               theory,               which               it               definitely               is               not.

However,               to               sit               back               and               do               nothing               is               to               invite               scientific               ignorance               into               our               public               schools.

While               evolutionary               teaching,               like               the               heliocentric               view               of               the               universe,               will               eventually               displace               outdated               theories,               our               best               bet               for               the               immediate               future               is               to               involve               ourselves               at               the               local,               city,               state               and               national               levels               of               government.

We               must               participate               in               our               school               boards,               and               we               must               research               and               vote               for               others               aspiring               to               positions               in               these               school               boards.

Our               future               scientists               depend               on               it.
               In               conclusion,               I               draw               hope               from               a               line               from               Darwin:               "I               look               with               confidence               to               the               future,               to               young               and               rising               naturalists,               who               will               be               able               to               view               both               sides               of               the               question               with               impartiality.

Whoever               is               led               to               believe               that               species               are               mutable               will               do               good               service               by               conscientiously               expressing               his               conviction;               for               only               thus               can               the               load               of               prejudice               by               which               this               subject               is               overwhelmed               be               removed."






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